Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the oesophagus, causing irritation. This backflow, also known as acid reflux, can lead to symptoms like:

• Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest, often after eating or when lying down.
• Regurgitation: Sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into the throat or mouth.
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
• Chronic cough, hoarseness, or sore throat.
• A sensation of a lump in the throat.

Causes and Risk Factors

GERD occurs when the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle that acts as a valve between the stomach and oesophagus, weakens or relaxes inappropriately. Risk factors include:

• Obesity
• Smoking
• Pregnancy
• Certain foods (e.g., spicy, fatty, or acidic foods)
• Alcohol or caffeine consumption

Treatment and Management

• Lifestyle Changes: Eating smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, not lying down after eating, and elevating the head while sleeping.
• Medications: Antacids, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid.
• Surgery: In severe cases, procedures like fundoplication may be recommended.